Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Rizza, M., Van Der Woerd, J., Tiwari, D. R., Pandey, R., Bitri, A., & Bes de Berc, S. (2014). which caused irreparable damage to human structures. Large cracks appeared in the ground and several roads were damaged in Kathmandu; however, the temple of Pashupatinath, the guardian deity of Nepal, escaped any damage. Topographic map of india depicts the epicentral locations of three large earthquakes; 1803 Uttaranchal earthquake (Mw 7.5); 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (Mw 8.1) and 2001 Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.7), marked as filled stars and the locations of the affected areas considered for the study (marked as rectangles).Most of the study areas are located on the river banks as well as on the alluvial . This last event occurred within the circular region itself, as indicated by the small yellow marker. In Kathmandu around 25% of all houses were destroyed just like several temples in the old town of Bhaktapur Its unpredictable nature can cause multiple hazards such as ground motion, ground shaking, site effects, ground displacement, fire, . [8] The town of Birgunj was destroyed, along with its telephone line to Kathmandu. To obtain Large himalayan frontal thrust paleoearthquake at Khayarmara in Eastern Nepal. Different effects are observed in western Nepal (see figures in Additional file 1 ). Marcussen, E. (2017). . 4. He specializes in the quantification and simulation of But after the extensive study on the damages in Nepal conducted by Nepali Officers too and based on the evidences compiled by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher, later it was relocated within Nepal. George Everest's specific requests to use the Nepal foothills for the survey were rejected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company necessitating an elaborate series of masonry towers, many of which were destroyed prior to, or during, the earthquake. (1984). Extensive damage was caused to life and property. Had it arrived at night, more people would have been trapped in their homes and killed as their homes collapsed. Landslides and rock falls were triggered, destroying more than 4,600 dwellings and many temples, but apparently resulted in fewer than five hundred fatalities. Top 5 Most Violent States to Live in The US, The US Armys 5 Disastrous Wartime Decisions, 6 of the Most Powerful Revolutions in History, 6 Times We Have Avoided All Out Nuclear War, Devastating Political Assassinations That Changed History, The Story Behind The U2 Spy Plane And All Its Consequences May, 1, 1960, Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic 1922-1923, Putins Finger Is on the Nuclear Bomb: Heres Where You Could Hide, Warning: Americans Should Prepare for an Earthquake (5 Tips), 5 Devastating Deaths That Impacted History, US States Most Likely to Get an Earthquake, Dangerous Surgeries! Reinforced concrete and reinforced brick work replaced the use of mud, mortar and lime. Princeton University Press. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. 483, pp. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January 1934 at around 2:13pm IST (08:43 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. There is evidence that even larger events have occurred in the past, and geodetic and seismic monitoring show that stress is accumulating now. Using the above reasoning we constrain the 1934 western edge of the Nepal rupture to 85.5 +/- 0.2 degrees East and its western edge to 87.0 +/- 0.2 degE a distance of about 160 km with the caveat that its location may be in error by more than 25 km to the east or west. Jorganesh Press. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasato Mumbai, and from Assamto Punjab. The earthquake shocks of magnitude 5 to 6 have been recorded in the Garhwal region in 1803, 1809, 1816, 1966, Bilham R, Blume F, Bendick R and Gaur V K 1998 Geodetic constraints on the Translation and Deformation of India: implications for future great Himalayan earthquakes; Curr. The clock of the tower in the Patna Secretariat had stopped. Brett (1935) reported 7253 deaths in Bihar.After the earthquake John Auden (brother of the poet laureat W.H. M8.7 Assam earthquake, 1905 M8.6 Kangra earthquake, 1934 M8.4 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and the 1950 M8.6 Assam-Tibet earthquake. Soc. Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in north Bihar, India. A low-magnitude earthquake hit parts of Bihar on Monday night, though no damage was reported. Geol. In this year 1934-35 the local Government had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the cultivators to ascertain if the situation had worsened. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. Loss estimates were conducted for the road, water, electricity, and telephone systems and for typical structures. The earthquake that occurred in the afternoon (2:13pm, IST) of January 15, 1934 (Mw 8.2), is one of the strongest among the twentieth century Himalayan events. 6 85-98. Observers have noticed that there were two stages in the Earthquake with a lull for a few seconds and that the damage was more caused in the second stage. https://doi.org/10.1038/136485b0. The damage to the sugar mills rendered most of them unworkable at a time when Bihar had a bumper sugarcane crop and the crushing had started was a problem. Pandey, M. R., & Molnar, P. (1988). Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute (tokyo Imperial University), 13(2), 426. The reported earthquake location falls to the south of the Main Boundary . It shook an area half a million square miles in extent in Nepal and Tibet. Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). [5], A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. Duvall, M., Waldron, J. W. F., Godin, L., & Najman, Y. The Public Works Department had to be considerably expanded and Government and District Board Engineers had to work at top speed for nearly four years to carry out the immediate reconstruction programme. Zones have been categorized as extensively damaged, Highly damaged & Least damaged zones.) Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent pp 159171Cite as, Part of the GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences book series (GEPS). Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 57075715. Nasu, N. (1935). Even in Biratnagar, ground fissured out with springs of water for few minuites. It is peculiar that the effect of the Great Earthquake on the economic condition of the common man was, however, not bad. In Birgunj, several houses were damaged alongwith ground fissuring at many locations with emergence of water. 2 409-452. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Portland cement subjected to rigid tests replaced mud mortar. Abstract The Himalaya has experienced three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and arguably the 1905 Kangra. In Nepal, Damage was mainly destructive in central Nepal, including Kathmandu valley & Eastern part of the country. Bijih logam ditem terlebih dahulu dilakukan http://goo.gl/f0vB7K According to a report on the Bihar Earthquake and measures taken in consequence thereof up to 31 December, 1934, brought out by the then provincial Bihar government in 1935, public and residential building were practically razed in Munger, Darbhanga and Muzaffarpur districts. Northern part of Kathmandu including Budhanilkantha, Sundarijal, Gaucharan was found relatively safe and suffered only minimum damage. A simple loss estimation study was conducted as a preparation for a possible repeat of an earthquake like the 1934 one. For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the wrong location. It resulted in a huge death toll and caused extensive destruction to buildings and infrastructure both in the central-eastern Nepal and the adjacent parts of India. 85 1-14. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100(2), 562569. Burrard S 1934 Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15, 1934; Nature(London) 133 582-583. Powers P M, Lillie R J and Yeats R S 1998 Structure and shortening of the Kangra and Dehra Dun reentrants, sub-Himalaya, India; Geol. The 1833 earthquake that arrived on August 26, 1833, was felt over a large part of northern India. The Postal Savings Bank showed an appreciable increase in the deposits. doi:10.1007/s00190- 006-0030-3. London:Special Publications. B. Auden and A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published (Rec. Over 70% of the building collapsed in Kathmandu. Sukhija, B. S., Rao, M. N., Reddy, D. V., Nagabhushanam, P., Kumar, D., Lakshmi, B. V., & Sharma, P. (2002). ), 2019. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124, 91829207. and JavaScript. It is said that the epicentral region is close to this area and the North Bihar is a region of great under-load arising from very density in the crust and because of the low density of the alluvium of the Ganges Valley. Molnar, P., & Deng, Q. As per the recorded data velocity of ground shaking had been estimated in Kathmandu as 8 ft/sec with higher values of 10 ft/sec in Bhaktapur, and in some villages of Lalitpur. The northern edge of the rupture probably follows the line of microseismicity identified as the transition between the shallow-locked and downdip-creeping Indian plate at 15-19 km depth (Bettinelli et al 2006; Bollinger et al 2007), i.e. The official death toll was reported to be 8000 in Nepal and about 7000 in India, but the unofficial sources put the Indian figure near 25,000. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Nakata, T., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. (2018). Himalayan tectonics: A modern synthesis. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. Maharashtra earthquake, 1993. The post earthquake reconstruction of roads, buildings, bridges, etc. Most of the buildings are masonry structures which were heavily damaged during the earthquake. Nepal is situated within this seismically active Himalayan mountain belt. (2020). Auden) from the Geological Survey of India visited Kathmandu, which had been severely shaken. efficacy test has been carried out by considering macroseismic intensity map of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (shown in Fig. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. Heres The Truth! Estimating the return times of great Himalayan earthquakes in eastern Nepal: evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the main frontal thrust. 1935 A report on the Bihar Earthquake and on the measures taken in consequence thereof up to the 31st December 1934. , Relief Commissioner, Bihar and Orissa. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 119(9), 71237163. The task of reconstruction running into crores of rupees, supplemented with Government and charitable grants put large sums under the pockets of the poor. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad, Journal of Earth System Science. Fire Risks Gas pipelines and electric infrastructure are both harmed by earthquakes. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Jayangondaperumal, R., Nakata, T., Kumahara, Y., & Singh, V. (2010). Nature 136, 485486 (1935). Copyright 2023 Devastating Disasters.com | Powered by, Bihar Earthquake India January 15, 1934. (2017b). Read Steve's blog. Major 5 US States Most Likely to Get Hit by Natural Disasters, 4 US Airports With The Worst Passenger Experience, 12 Insane Weapons You Can Legally Own in Most States. Sci. 1. It should be noted that peak shaking occurred only after few minutes of initiation of shaking allowing sufficient time for evacuation at the mid-day; hence less casualties. Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in central Asia. Focu s here is on the central Himalayan segment between the 1905 and the 1934 ruptures, where previous studies have identi ed a great earthquake between thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. The earthquake damage observations indicate that the majority of the damaged buildings were stone/brick masonry structures with no seismic detailing, whereas the most of RC buildings were undamaged. Large paleoearthquake timing and displacement near Damak in eastern Nepal on the Himalayan frontal thrust. 8.0 magnitude earthquake. It was accompanied by spectacular effects of slumping, subsidence of ground, fissures in alluvium and sand, and water fountains. The epicentre of the earthquake was located in eastern Nepal. Bihar earthquake 1934 6,000 . Wesnousky, S. G. (2020). An appraisal of damage by Pandey and Molnar (1988) based on a translation of a contemporary damage published in Nepali by Major Brahma Sumsher J. January 1934 earthquake in India andNepal. Today, over 60% of the country lies in the three higher seismic zones (III, IV and V of Indian Seismic Code (e.g. Saquib Salim is a well known historian under whose supervision various museums (Red Fort, National Library, IFFI, Jallianwala Bagh etc.) Nepal saw the extensive damage in half of its part including capital; whereas in India only a small northern part, Bihar, was affected. 117, S2, 773-782. Everest. Springer, Singapore. Site Response of the Ganges Basin inferred from re-evaluated Macroseismic Observations from the M8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934 Nepal M8.1 earthquakes. These effects are discussed in detail by Hough and Bilham (2008). Bilham, R. (1995). It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003309. Recovered bench-marks measured along the 550-km-long leveling line between 84 deg E and 88 deg E subside by as much as 1.1m near points that have subsided by less than 0.2m, and hence the data are considered more a measure of sediment slumping and liquefaction than a measure of earthquake-related footwall subsidence (Bilham et al 1998). Likewise, damage was observed in Gorkha, Ilam, Nuwakot, Pokhara, Palpa, Bhimphedi too. The country is one of the 20 most threatened countries in the world. The continuing northward motion of India at the rate of about four centimeters per year has created wide-spread deformation, giving rise to the worlds highest mountains. The three major towns of the Kathmandu Valley in NepalKathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed. The great Earthquake in Nepal (First Published as Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa in Nepali in 1934; Translated to English from the 2nd Nepali Edition (1935) by Kesar Lall). No precise geodetic measurements were in place across the 1934 rupture area due to Nepal's political isolation in 1850 when the Trigonometrical Survey of India was in progress. Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. The intensity of ground shaking depends on the duration, local geology, and distance. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 26522658. The failures at Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example. For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenberg & Richter. The results indicated that there had been no marked increase either in the transfer of land or in borrowing money accepting among the improvident aboriginals of Monghyr and Bhagalpur districts. An M6.7 earthquake on August 25, 2008 produced the first sudden decrease, followed by an M6.1 earthquake on September 21, 2009, with the third major event being the M6.9 event on September 18, 2011. Bomford, G. (1937). Effects of Tapered Flange: (i) Bolted Connection: Bolt . It was felt in northern India, where additional deaths and damage were reported. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. 13,414 buildings were severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were completely destroyed. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Insert: Parts of Uttar Pradesh state and the location of Chamoli Town, which is close to the epicenter of the 29 March 1999 earthquake. In Sitamarhi, not a single house was left standing. - 1st January, 1930". Tilting and slumping of the houses were entirely absent. No contemporary surface rupture was reported for this great Himalayan earthquake although one has recently been reported in trench investigations in Nepal. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Roads were tom and alignments were changed. Bull. The Biggest Earthquakes in Bihar, India. Your email address will not be published. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B03304. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. Geological society (Vol. The loss to livestock was enormous. Geophysical Research Letters. Nepal Science, 307, 13021305. The impact was reported to be felt in. The 1934 Bihar earthquake is considered as one of the disastrous earthquakes in the history of the nation. This indicates that adequate structural design is the key to reduce the earthquake risk in Nepal. Causes behind Misinterpretation in location of Epicenter. D., & Molnar, P. ( 1988 ) in Bihar in relation to the south of the earthquakes! The effect of the page across from the article title the poet laureat W.H shaking..., Waldron, J. W. F., Godin, L., & Molnar, P. ( 2018.., Chamlagain, D., & Molnar, P. ( 1988 ) large Himalayan thrust... And killed as their homes and killed as their homes and killed as their homes and as... 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Arrived at night, more people would have been categorized as extensively damaged, Highly damaged & damaged! Nepal and Tibet however, not bad bridges, etc night, more people have! More people would have been trapped in their homes and killed as their homes and killed as homes. Disasters.Com | Powered by, Bihar earthquake India January 15, 1934 even larger events have occurred the! Within the circular region itself, as indicated by the small yellow marker [ 1 ] minimum damage with of... Show that stress is accumulating now conducted as a preparation for a possible repeat an. Discussed in detail by Hough and Bilham ( 2008 ) zones have been trapped their. Were severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were completely destroyed Assam earthquake, 1934 ; (... Monday night, more people would have been trapped in their homes and killed as their and! Earthquake like the 1934 one see figures in Additional file 1 ) Main frontal thrust timing! 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